get loud… about what's happening on this planet

get loud… about educating for change

get loud… about creating a different world

Educating citizens for the 21st century must involve educating for global citizenship. Schools are one of the most important arenas for the development of global values and awareness. The classroom offers crucial opportunities for fostering students' commitment to a more humane, peaceful and just world. It acts as a local nexus where global issues come to life, through members of the school community who may have direct experience in conflict zones, to challenging racism, critically examining consumerism, advocating non-violence, responding to gender discrimination, and exploring the possibilities for change and proactive social action.

The get loud Educators' Guide provides you with inspiration and ideas on how you can make your classroom a truly global classroom. It provides an overview of the getloud.ca website as well information on global education and how you can educate for change.

The getloud.ca website will assist educators in the task of cultivating global citizenship by “meeting youth where they live” – at the crossroads of popular culture and global reality. War Child Canada hopes to continue to partner effectively with schools in our shared efforts to foster essential values and skills in a new generation. These values and skills include peace, equity, civic engagement, creativity, cooperation, problem solving, risk taking, compassion, generosity, leadership, sustainability and global literacy. 

get loud in the Classroom 
Educators Guide

INTRODUCTION

We are living in times of tremendous challenges and the potential for tremendous creativity to overcome them. There is little doubt that our world is experiencing serious upheaval, and that our world view must also undergo a serious transformation if we are to effectively navigate the issues demanding our most concentrated attention.

At no other time in history has education been more important as a catalyst for hope, creativity, peace, sustainability and empowerment. At no other time has it been as critical for educators to make the commitment to educate for peace and justice from a global perspective.

If we allow cynicism to take hold, we will educate a generation that will continue to normalize violence, promote war and believe that peace is not possible. If we commit ourselves to compassion, we will find ourselves connected by our desire for a different world – one where our interdependence and diversity is celebrated, honoured and respected.

The need for a shared recognition of our interconnectedness is pressing. Global conflicts are contributing to starvation, forced migration, the shattering of the rule of law, the growing disparities between rich and poor, and the prolonged suffering of vulnerable populations. The last decade alone has seen 2 million children die as a result of war; 5 million disabled and 12 million left homeless.

It is the desire to create a world where no child knows war that motivates War Child Canada. We believe that educators have a critical role to play in the mission to ensure that children are no longer victims of war. In The War Child Canada Youth Opinion Poll released in May 2006, 75% of Canadian youth cited teachers as one of their most important sources of information on global issues. We respect the vital role played by teachers in shaping new generations, inspiring, informing and empowering youth to become responsible global citizens. get loud aims to make it as easy as possible for educators to bring global issues into the classroom. We believe that a project that brings together solid, tested lesson plans with a global education philosophy and a pedagogical framework will help teachers to achieve this.

get loud is an initiative that brings to life our commitment to education and empowerment. It is a manifestation of our desire to promote and protect human rights and children's rights, to rekindle the strong belief in peace and possibility, to foster global awareness and concern, and to encourage the need to get loud and get involved in global movements for justice.

Please join us.


ABOUT WAR CHILD CANADA

Founded in 1999, War Child Canada is a registered Canadian charity providing humanitarian assistance to children affected by war. War Child Canada also uses music and creativity to generate awareness, support and action for children's rights everywhere.

War Child Canada provides support to children and their families in conflict and post-conflict communities around the world through humanitarian programs that focus on education, psychosocial rehabilitation, child rights, health, vocational training and material needs. We currently have programming in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Ghana, and Georgia.

Throughout all of War Child Canada's overseas programs, our emphasis is on creating sustainable opportunities for local communities. We work to identify outstanding local individuals and organizations who are taking an active role in restoring and strengthening their communities. As such, War Child Canada believes in strong, respectful partnerships that build on the capacities of people living with war – an approach that above all values their leadership, experience and knowledge of the local context.

War Child Canada's national outreach and education programs respect the important role that young people can and do play in shaping the world as it is today – and what it might be tomorrow. Our domestic programs empower young people to be critical, creative and compassionate citizens working for global justice and positive social change. All of the educational tools that War Child Canada develops for students and teachers highlight the importance of understanding how children and youth are affected by war, while emphasizing our common humanity as the starting point for discussion and global change. We promote greater engagement in the cause through campaigns that rely on well-documented information about the impact of conflict, rather than stereotypical images of children in war, to drive public participation in our efforts.


GET LOUD WITH US…

You should get loud with us if you support the following objectives for this project: 

• To use new media technology and popular youth culture as a medium for political/social analysis, expression and identity and encourage creativity and the arts as vehicles for social/global change 
• To inform young people about War Child Canada and its work, and inspire youth to become part of a shared vision of positive social/global change 
• To assist youth in developing the skills and confidence to become change agents in their communities and advance global causes that are important to them 
• To make connections between youth's daily lives and larger social/global issues 
• To expose youth to other countries/regions in the world and build global literacy 
• To be a vehicle for transformative, global education by supporting the development of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that will help youth understand important issues and take thoughtful action against injustice 
• To foster community and peer to peer engagement

GET LOUD IN SCHOOLS

War Child Canada's work in conflict zones around the world has made us acutely aware of the need for increased understanding about the root causes of war. Without this critical inquiry, we remain ignorant as to how our own lives are connected to global violence and continue to repeat the destructive cycle that perpetuates unimaginable human and environmental suffering.

Educating citizens for the 21st century must involve educating for global citizenship. Schools are one of the most important arenas for the development of global values and awareness. The classroom offers crucial opportunities for fostering students' commitment to a more humane, peaceful and just world. It acts as a local nexus where global issues come to life, through members of the school community who may have direct experience in conflict zones, to challenging racism, critically examining consumerism, advocating non-violence, responding to gender discrimination, and exploring the possibilities for change and proactive social action.

getloud.ca is a website that will assist educators in the task of cultivating global citizenship by “meeting youth where they live” – at the crossroads of popular culture and global reality. War Child Canada hopes to continue to partner effectively with schools in our shared efforts to foster essential values and skills in a new generation. These values and skills include peace, equity, civic engagement, creativity, cooperation, problem solving, risk taking, compassion, generosity, leadership, sustainability and global literacy.


THE GLOBAL CLASSROOM

A Location of Possibility

Global education is a lens or perspective through which curriculum is developed, implemented and understood. Focusing both on what is taught, as well as how it is taught, global education seeks to integrate peace education, environmental awareness, human rights, and development education into the curriculum. Global education also fosters a holistic approach and a commitment to cooperative, participatory and equitable processes.


Key Educational Strands:

Peace Education examines war, conflict and disarmament and encourages peace building and non-violence both locally (including in the classroom) and globally.

Environmental Education creates an awareness of, and concern for, environmental issues, giving rise to new understandings and behaviours that promote environmental sustainability.

Human Rights Education teaches about civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights as a means to foster equity and social/global justice, including areas such as children's rights and gender equality.

Development Education is concerned with the conditions in developing countries, the programs and policies designed to address key issues, Canada's role in international development, as well as encouraging critical reflection on the notion of “development.”


THE GET LOUD EDUCATORS' CENTRE

The get loud Educators' Centre has been designed by certified educators with a strong commitment to fostering global citizenship in young people. As a teacher, you will be able to access fantastic resources created to support global education in the classroom.

Log in and visit the get loud Educators' Centre online: 
http://www.getloud.ca/en/educatorscentre.asp


Curriculum Connections

get loud incorporates all four strands of global education by using global conflict and its impact on children as the central paradigm through which the four areas are integrated and explored.

Lesson plans, developed by certified teachers with expertise in global issues, are designed to meet curriculum expectations across Canada. Each lesson has specific references to grade level and is linked to a larger Curriculum Connections matrix that specifies which subject areas and learning objectives are addressed. While covering a variety of important topics that can be integrated into a broad range of courses, teachers can be assured that they are addressing important curriculum requirements and guidelines.

Lesson Plans

The twenty-one lesson plans available in the Educators' Centre at getloud.ca will enable students and teachers to examine issues of war-affected children and Canada's role in making a difference. These are not simplistic worksheets, but creative activities to cultivate a deep understanding of the issues. The lessons are intended to educate and empower young people to create a brighter global future. A variety of teaching techniques and learning styles have been incorporated and teachers are encouraged to integrate a dynamic collection of issue pages, country profiles, photographs and video from the field to fully engage students.

Issue Pages

The issue pages available on the site are an excellent background resource for teachers and students across Canada. They offer very accessible and up-to-date summaries of topics that are often difficult to explain to young people. The topics range from those directly related to war-affected children, such as conflict diamonds and the psychological effects of war, to related topics such as “10 False Perceptions about Africa” and “Oil in Colombia”. These pages can be used in combination with the lesson plans, as supplementary materials, or as starting points for in-depth research or discussions in a number of courses.

Country Profiles

War Child Canada's country profiles are solid reference materials and valuable teaching tools. A profile of each country where War Child Canada supports development initiatives is available online. These profiles are analytical and descriptive, and have been carefully written for a wide audience. They offer excellent background information for the activities included on get loud. Country profiles could also be used independently as essential information for all geography students, background material for the study of economics, politics and current events, support material for literature studies, and for lessons on country or regional comparisons.

Teachers' Manuals and Study Guides

In addition to the get loud Educators' Guide, getloud.ca provides you with access to four other teachers' manuals and study guides.

Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo Documentary Discussion Guide

Developed by Carolyn Wilson, a Media Studies and World Issues educator and curriculum developer, this resource contains questions and activities based on issues that are addressed in War Child Canada's documentary Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo. Some of the issues included in this resource: child soldiers, resource wars, sexual violence as a weapon of conflict, and the importance of discussing and taking action around global issues as a global citizen. This documentary is one of the resources available for purchase online in the
get loud Educators' Centre.

Musicians In The War Zone Study Guide

Another excellent resource developed by Carolyn Wilson, this study guide contains questions and activities based on issues that are addressed in War Child Canada's documentary Musicians In The Zone. Some of the issues included in this resource: human rights, access to education, resource wars, war and health, and other impacts of war on children. This documentary is one of the resources available for purchase online in the get loud Educators' Centre.

No War Zone Teachers' Manual

Developed by War Child Canada, this resource guides teachers through No War Zone (nowarzone.org), a revolutionary, youth-driven international network of youth connecting to build awareness for human rights issues and peace building on a global scale. It contains ideas and suggestions of how teachers can incorporate No War Zone into their classroom through a range of activities.

Globalization, Human Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility Learning Resource Guide

Developed by War Child Canada, this guide puts issues into a contemporary global context and makes connections that can link directly back to the classroom curriculum. It explores the Millennium Development Goals, multiple perspectives on human rights, and provides a history and update on corporate social responsibility, labour conditions, workers' rights, and globalization.


SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THE SITE

Here are some ideas for using the get loud website in your classroom and school: 

• Ensure that this website is a resource link on your school's website 
• Make all the teachers in your school aware of the site so that they can use it in different ways in their respective subject areas 
• Present the site to social issues groups and to the student government in your school to raise awareness and to profile a Canadian organization helping to bring about positive change 
• Encourage Arts – especially music – teachers to use the site in their examples and profiles of curriculum topics 
• If you are teaching students about the internet and want to demonstrate good websites, the get loud site provides an example of strong and relevant content combined with professional design and navigation 
• Use the site when informing students about volunteerism and the difference that individuals can make in their communities and overseas 
• Integrate the site into any study of Canada and Canadian culture as real examples that connect to the lives of young people 
• Profile the site to students as a diverse research tool 
• Use the site for any work or assignments on citizenship and taking action as examples of what can be done and for a glimpse into the motivations and realities of speaking out 
• Profile non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in your classroom – what they do, the impact of their work, and the people behind the scenes 
• Set up a jigsaw technique exercise where students examine a question such as “What can Canadians do to help war-affected children?” Give ‘base groups' sections of the website which profile different aspects of War Child Canada's work which they can then share in their ‘expert groups' to fully respond to the question 
• Have students present profiles of the musicians featured in the project, including a discussion of why they are involved in this global issue 
• Create a scavenger hunt for the website so that students search through all parts of the site and become familiar with the content 
• Have the students use the website to create a mind map, first in small groups and then as a class, on connections between this issue and others that they have studied 
• Have students present profiles of different Canadian musicians and how they are using their platform to make a positive social difference
  

GET YOUTH INVOLVED

What can I do to make a difference?

This is a common question that you may hear from young people who have been impacted by learning more about world issues and events. In response, War Child Canada has developed programming designed to engage Canadian youth and support their interest in global justice issues.

War Child Canada works to transform traditional notions of charity into a recognition of global responsibility and accountability, and is committed to the promotion of creativity, critical thinking and civic engagement in our programming.

The following programs are profiled on get loud and War Child Canada encourages you to introduce these to your students to take on as individuals, or within a collaborative environment within your school.

Keep The Beat

This is War Child Canada's unique fundraising program designed for youth with a global conscience who love music and never say “no” to a challenge! Officially sponsored by MuchMusic, Keep The Beat is an annual music fundraiser where schools and communities celebrate the power of music while raising awareness and funds for children affected by war.

Firefly

The Firefly Project is a staged collection of poems, monologues and stories written by youth around the world. The dramatic pieces explore the themes of conflict, resilience, resistance, violence and reconciliation. More importantly, these pieces were collected and edited by War Child Canada's Youth Advisory Board. The Firefly Project includes submissions from youth from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Colombia and Canada. Some of the authors from Canada are first generation Canadians from countries like Lebanon, Kosovo and Israel.

Any funds raised by presentations of Firefly are directed to War Child Canada's overseas programming.

Just Act!

Just Act! is War Child Canada's exciting program that brings youth together from across Canada to gain a deeper understanding of important global issues, develop leadership skills, and to learn how to take action to create the positive change they wish to see in the world. In addition to the amazing skills learned, Just Act! also provides a fantastic opportunity for young leaders to develop a network of peers who care about the same issues!

Youth Action Groups

Youth Outreach Teams

War Child Canada values youth engagement and strives to involve youth in the creation and development of its programs. War Child Canada's Youth Outreach Team (YOT) is comprised of 15 committed, globally minded youth from across Canada between the ages of 14 and 23. Selected for their passion, awareness, and commitment, YOT members are War Child Canada's youth representatives, are actively involved in global justice initiatives, and provide War Child Canada with valued feedback and suggestions.

Community Catalyst Program

War Child Canada's Community Catalysts are dedicated and passionate volunteers who represent War Child Canada in the Greater Toronto Area. Community Catalysts have the opportunity to deliver dynamic presentations, staff informative resource tables and facilitate meaningful discussions about global justice issues to youth and school groups in their local community. They also have the opportunity to develop valuable presentation and youth engagement skills, become further acquainted with global justice issues, develop connections with War Child Canada, and have a meaningful and inspiring volunteer experience.

Throughout the upcoming year, War Child Canada hopes to expand its Community Catalyst program beyond the Greater Toronto Area.

No War Zone

No War Zone is an international network of youth working together for peace, human rights and global understanding. This virtual community connects through www.nowarzone.org, where young people share their cultures and perspectives, learn from their peers, access important information and work together for global change. The network expands daily with members in 30 countries and official partners in Iraq, Sierra Leone, Georgia and Columbia. Youth living in war-affected communities who are involved in War Child Canada's international programs have repeatedly expressed their desire to communicate with youth around the world. No War Zone also offers Canadian youth the chance to be leaders for peace while learning firsthand about the lives and experiences of others.

…as well as many other ways to help your students to become inspired, informed and involved in making a difference!


ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Additional resources are available to support teachers who are working to get loud. Included here is a list of organizations that focus on global education, curriculum documents and suggested publications that will allow teachers to extend their get loud teaching, creating broader possibilities for their students. This list is neither exhaustive nor exclusively Canadian. The resources have been selected for their relevance to get loud content and their accessibility.


Suggested Bibliography:

Bigelow, B. & Peterson, B. (2002). Rethinking globalization; Teaching for justice in an unjust world, New York: Rethinking Schools.

Case, R. & Clark, P. (Eds.), The Canadian anthology of social studies: Issues and strategies for teachers. Vancouver: Pacific Education Press. 75-83.

CIDA, (various). Global citizenship in action, Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.

Evans, M. & Reynolds, C. (Eds.). (2003). Educating for global citizenship; A teachers' resource handbook. Toronto, CIDEC (OISE/UT).

Goldstein, T. & Selby, D. (Eds.). (2000). Weaving connections: Educating for peace, social and environmental justice. Toronto: Sumach Press.

Hart, Roger. (1992). Children's participation: From tokenism to citizenship. Innocenti Essay, 4 UNICEF ICDC, Florence.

Hicks, D. (2003). Thirty years of global education: a reminder of key principles and precedents. Educational Review vol.55 #3, November.

Ikeda, Daisaku. (1996). Education for global citizenship, (from a lecture given at Teachers College), Columbia University June 13 1996.

Kielburger, C. & Kielburger, M. (2002). Take action: A guide to active citizenship. Toronto: Gage.

Lindberg, Mark. (2003). Promoting a secondary school global education curriculum. Available at: http://www.sonoma.edu/itds/st_projects/lin/title.html

Merryfield, Merry, Jarchow, Elaine and Pickert, Sarah. eds. (1997). Preparing teachers to teach global perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Oakes, J. & Lipton, M. (2002). Teaching to Change the World (2nd ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill.

Pike, G. & Selby, D. (1988). Global Teacher, Global Learner. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Pike, G. & Selby, D. (1999). In the Global Classroom: Book 1. Toronto: Pippin.

Pike, G. & Selby, D. (2000). In the Global Classroom: Book 2. Toronto: Pippin.

Selby, D. (1995). Earthkind: A teachers' handbook on humane education. London, Trentham Books Limited.

Selby, D. & Gray-Donald, J. & Holland, D. & Kagawa, F. (2002). Cultivating peace in the 21st century, Toronto: Classroom Connections.


Suggested Online Resources:

Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief 
http://www.cpar.ca/globalkidz.asp?page=toolslearn
CPAR is an innovative non-profit, non-sectarian organization dedicated to building healthy communities in Africa.

American Forum for Global Education 
http://www.globaled.org/about.php
The AFG is a private, non-for-profit organization, founded in 1970. It “provides leadership to strengthen the education of our nation's youth by fostering the ability to think creatively, analytically, and systematically about issues in a global context.” Their more than 170 teaching resources (some of which require free registration to download) cover different grades and a wide range of topics from myths of hunger to water, with many focused on China and Japan.

Globalization101.org 
http://www.globalization101.org/
This is “an internet resource dedicated to providing students with information and learning opportunities on globalization. The site, managed by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), hopes to serve as an informative and engaging space for those interested in learning more about changes in the international economy.”

CIDA Teacher Zone 
http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/teacherzone
Canadian International Development Agency's Teacher Zone is a Canadian government site for teachers interested in Canada's role in development issues. It is “a single portal for high-quality, curriculum-based educational resources and for new ideas to help bring international development to the classroom and motivate students to become active global citizens.” Their curriculum support includes a fully searchable (by grade level, topic and jurisdiction) database of resource annotations from across Canada.

British Columbia Teachers' Federation Social Justice site 
http://www.bctf.bc.ca/social/
A vehicle for the sharing of information, ideas and activities on social justice issues. The scope is broad and includes women's issues, racism, poverty, homophobia, violence, the social effects of globalization, especially the aspects of these issues which affect children, schools and teachers. The site includes information on Grants and funds, Programs, a Calendar of events, publications and material related to Anti-racism and multiculturalism and to Social Equity. The specific resource web pages cover Child labour, Global education, Globalization, trade agreements & education, Homophobia and heterosexism, Poverty, Women's issues, Social justice resources, and Teaching to Diversity

International Education and Resource Network 
http://www.iEARN.org
“iEARN is a non-profit organization made up of over 20,000 schools in more than 115 countries. iEARN empowers teachers and young people to work together online using the internet and other new communications technologies. Over 1,000,000 students each day are engaged in collaborative project work worldwide.” They offer professional development opportunities and over 200 projects that classes can join or teachers and students can start their own collaborative project and invite others to participate.

Rethinking Schools Online. 
http://www.rethinkingschools.org/
This online companion to the US-based magazine addresses current issues in education. “Rethinking Schools began as a local effort to address problems such as basal readers, standardized testing, and textbook-dominated curriculum. Since its founding in 1986, it has grown into a nationally prominent publisher of educational materials. While writing for a broad audience, Rethinking Schools emphasizes problems facing urban schools, particularly issues of race.” It offers over 20 publications including ones that address globalization, teaching about ‘terrorism', and teaching mathematics from a social justice perspective.

Oxfam UK – Get Global 
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/teachers/getglobal/index.htm
Part of their extensive Cool Planet for Teachers, Oxfam's Get Global! is a “guide for teachers of 11-16 year olds on how to facilitate and assess active global citizenship. It provides a structure for students to manage their own learning: from thinking about issues that are important to them, planning and participating in action, to reflecting on their performance. Innovative activities promote a skills-based (rather than content-based) approach so they can be used within different subject areas and ages.”

The United Nations Cyberschoolbus 
http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/
Cyberschoolbus is the “online education component of the Global Teaching and Learning Project, whose mission is to promote education about international issues and the United Nations by producing high quality teaching materials and activities designed for educational use and for training teachers. Within the Cyberschoolbus site there are a number of activities and projects that teach students about global issues in an interactive, engaging and fun way.” Their material includes resources such as country studies and the InfoNation online country comparison tool and curriculum on a range of topics including: Peace Education, Poverty and Racial discrimination.

New Internationalist 
http://www.newint.com/
The New Internationalist is a monthly, theme-based magazine accessible to high school students. “The New Internationalist workers' co-operative (NI) exists to report on the issues of world poverty and inequality; to focus attention on the unjust power relationships worldwide; to debate and campaign for the radical changes necessary to meet the basic needs of all; and to bring to life the people, the ideas and the action in the fight for global justice.” Their site includes information and help on teaching global issues. There are over 20 years of issues of the magazine archived online including topic such as; genocide, street children, resource wars, climate change, the politics of music, global economics, and women's rights.

People & Planet 
http://www.planetfriendly.net/
People & Planet is a unique gateway to environment, peace and sustainable living, in Canada and beyond. They are probably best known for our listings of jobs, contracts and internships, volunteer opportunities, and events.


DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION

War Child Canada is committed to equality. Following the accessibility standards of the World Wide Web Consortium (WC3), getloud.ca bilingual site content and navigation was developed to ensure equal access and participation. Here are a few examples of the work done to enhance access to the information on getloud.ca: 

• Images and multimedia elements include ALT tags, long descriptions where and when appropriate, and links to download appropriate viewing or listening software. 
• Pages have been structured using headers, lists and text markup to ensure that individuals who do not see the page, either due to differing ability or because they are using a browser that does not display images, can still interact with the site content. As well, plain html versions of content pages are available to provide a plain text version of the resources. 
• Colour and design development took into consideration individuals who may be colour blind, blind or who do not use browsers that display graphics. Information is displayed for diverse levels of visual acuity by providing appropriate contrast between foreground and background colours. 
• Links are identified, as much as possible, to indicate to the user where a link is going to take them. 
• To ensure that individuals using screen readers can easily access the content, simple language was used as much as possible. In addition, the opening and closing of secondary windows is indicated wherever possible to keep the site easy to access. 
• No elements on the site should cause rapid screen flickering.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The development of get loud was made possible through the generous support of the Canadian Culture Online Program of the Department of Canadian Heritage.

Thank you to our project partners:
Cool Blue Media Inc.
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE/University of Toronto)


Contributors:

Certified Educators:
• David Ast
• Jennifer Burnell
• Jill Goodreau
• Dick Holland
• Jill Morris
• Michelle Munk
• Darryl Newbury
• Jim Orrange
• Marion Shehata
• Maria Vamvalis
• Nadya Weber

War Child Canada Staff:
• Maria Vamvalis
• Erin Pryde
• Heather Orrange
• Anne Game
• Adele Cassola
• Paula MacKinnon

Language and Culture Consultants:
Patricia Dumas, Claire Francoeur

War Child Canada would also like to thank the interns and volunteers whose hard work and dedication has helped to make get loud a reality. Special thanks go to: Emma Knight, Christine Yu and Michaela Roughton.